Book 03 · Orchestration

Kubernetes
Fundamentals

// DevOps Foundation Series

Kubernetes is the platform that most DevOps roles expect you to know — and it's intimidating until it isn't. This book takes you from "I've heard of pods" to running and operating real workloads with confidence, understanding what every resource does and why it exists.

11
Chapters
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Is this book for you?

📘
Recommended path

This book assumes you're comfortable with Linux and containers — you know how Docker works at a conceptual level and can write a Dockerfile. If containers are still new to you, start with Container Fundamentals first, and Linux Fundamentals before that.

✓ This IS for you if...
  • You're applying to DevOps roles that list Kubernetes as a requirement
  • You know what Kubernetes is but feel lost when you actually use it
  • You can deploy an app to k8s but don't know what to do when it breaks
  • You want a solid foundation before pursuing the CKA certification
  • You're moving from Docker-only environments to container orchestration
✕ This is NOT for you if...
  • You already run Kubernetes clusters in production daily
  • You're looking for advanced topics like custom controllers or Operators
  • You want cluster administration and etcd internals deep-dives
  • You're looking for cloud-specific managed K8s content (EKS, GKE, AKS)

The mental model first.

// k8s cluster anatomy — you'll understand every line of this
CONTROL PLANE ├── kube-apiserver ← every request goes through here ├── etcd ← the cluster's source of truth ├── kube-scheduler ← decides which node runs your pod └── kube-controller-manager ← reconciles desired vs actual state WORKER NODES ├── kubelet ← talks to the API, manages pods on this node ├── kube-proxy ← maintains network rules for Services └── container runtime ← containerd / CRI-O YOUR WORKLOADS ├── Pod ← smallest deployable unit (1+ containers) ├── Deployment ← manages replica sets, handles rollouts ├── Service ← stable network endpoint for your pods ├── Ingress ← routes external HTTP(S) traffic ├── ConfigMap / Secret ← externalise configuration from your image └── PersistentVolume ← durable storage that outlives pods
☸️
Understand the Kubernetes mental model

Controllers, reconciliation loops, the declarative API. Stop thinking imperatively and start thinking in terms of desired state — the core shift that makes everything click.

🚀
Deploy and manage real applications

Write Deployments, configure liveness and readiness probes, manage rolling updates and rollbacks, and scale workloads without downtime.

🌐
Route traffic correctly

Understand ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer Services. Configure Ingress controllers, TLS termination, and path-based routing for real apps.

🔧
Configure applications properly

Inject environment variables, config files, and secrets into your pods without baking them into images — and know the security implications of each approach.

💾
Handle stateful workloads

Use PersistentVolumes, PersistentVolumeClaims, and StorageClasses to manage durable data. Understand StatefulSets and when you actually need them.

🔍
Debug what's broken

Know exactly which kubectl commands to run and which events to read when a pod won't start, a service is unreachable, or a deployment is stuck.

What's inside.

CHAPTER 01
Why Kubernetes Exists
  • The problems orchestration solves
  • Architecture overview
  • Declarative vs imperative model
  • Local cluster: kind, minikube, k3s
CHAPTER 02
Pods
  • Pod spec anatomy
  • Multi-container patterns: sidecar, init
  • Lifecycle, phases, conditions
  • Resource requests and limits
CHAPTER 03
Workload Controllers
  • ReplicaSets explained
  • Deployments — rollouts and rollbacks
  • DaemonSets and Jobs
  • StatefulSets and when to use them
CHAPTER 04
Services & Networking
  • ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer
  • Endpoints and EndpointSlices
  • kube-proxy and iptables rules
  • DNS in Kubernetes: CoreDNS
CHAPTER 05
Ingress
  • Ingress controllers (nginx, Traefik)
  • Host and path-based routing
  • TLS termination with cert-manager
  • Ingress vs Gateway API
CHAPTER 06
Configuration
  • ConfigMaps — env vars, volume mounts
  • Secrets — types, encoding, risks
  • Environment variable injection patterns
  • External secret management intro
CHAPTER 07
Storage
  • Volumes, PVs, and PVCs
  • StorageClasses and dynamic provisioning
  • Access modes explained
  • Running databases in Kubernetes
CHAPTER 08
Health Checks & Probes
  • Liveness vs readiness vs startup probes
  • HTTP, TCP, exec probe types
  • Probe tuning and failure thresholds
  • Zero-downtime deployments
CHAPTER 09
RBAC & Security
  • ServiceAccounts, Roles, ClusterRoles
  • RoleBindings and least-privilege
  • Pod security: runAsNonRoot, securityContext
  • NetworkPolicies basics
CHAPTER 10
Observability
  • kubectl logs, events, describe
  • Resource metrics: metrics-server
  • Prometheus + Grafana intro
  • Structured logging patterns
CHAPTER 11
Debugging & Operations
  • A systematic debugging framework
  • Common failure modes and their fixes
  • kubectl exec, port-forward, cp
  • Node troubleshooting basics
🎓
// a note on the CKA

This book isn't a CKA exam guide — it's designed to build the underlying competence. But the topics covered map closely to the CKA curriculum. Readers who finish the book and do a few weeks of hands-on practice consistently report feeling well-prepared for the exam as a natural next step.

// you're at the end of the series

Complete the foundation.

Book 01 · Start here
Linux Fundamentals
Book 02 · The bridge
Container Fundamentals
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